Die Qualität der Getreideproteine aus der Sicht des Pflanzenzüchters

Zusammenfassung Physikalisch-chemische Methoden zur Fraktionierung von Samenproteinen sowie andere indirekte Methoden zur Erfassung der Proteinqualität, wie z.B. des DBC-(Dye-Binding-Capacity) Verfahren, korrelieren in der Regel recht gut mit dem Gehalt bestimmter Aminosäuren im Protein von Cerealien. Da die direkten Bestimmungsverfahren von Aminosäuren in Hydrolysaten aber häufig genauer, leichter zu standardisieren und vor allem auch auf alle Getreidearten universell anwendbar sind, wurden sehr leistungsfähige Mikromethoden zur gleichzeitigen direkten Bestimmung desa-Aminostickstoff-und des Lysingehaltes in Salzsäurehydrolysaten entwickelt.Es wird gezeigt, daß der Lysingehalt des gesamten Gerstensamenproteins zu über 90% von den Proteinkomponenten des triploiden Endosperms abhängt. Diese Tatsache in Verbindung mit den entwickelten Mikromethoden ermöglichen es dem Pflanzenzüchter, die Selektion von lysinreichen Genotypen an einzelnen Samen vorzunehmen. Dazu wird eine Endospermscheibe von etwa 1 mm Dicke analysiert und — sofern gewünscht — der Restsamen mit dem Embryo zu einer Pflanze aufgezogen. Bei diesem als Halbkorntechnik bezeichnetem Verfahren, geht keine genetische Information verloren. Es ermöglicht dem Züchter die Selektion bereits an F₂-Samen (Samen von F₁-Pflanzen) anstatt an F₃-Samen (Samen von F₂-Pflanzen) vorzunehmen. Mögliche Rückkreuzungsprogramme erfordern weniger Zeit. Auch die Zuchtkontrolle und die Erhaltungszucht wird wesentlich erleichtert.

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The quality of cereal proteins from the plantbreeder's viewpoint

In order to get information about the most valuable proteins of cereal seeds, methods for separating their proteins have been developed all over the world. After trying to adapt these methods for a plantbreeding programme and finding them unsuitable, new micromethods for the determination of lysine and totala-amino nitrogen in hydrolysates were worked out. These micromethods proved to be accurate, extremely sensitive, and suited for routine determinations.The authors show that the amino acid composition of the whole barley seed is to more than 90% dependent upon the protein components of the triploid endosperm. Consequentely the selection for protein quality e.g. lysine content of the protein can be carried out on endosperm slices of 1 mm thickness (10 mg). This so called half-seed-technique enables the plantbreeder to cultivate the embryo from the remaining part of the seed. Thus no genetic information is lost and the selection can be carried out on seeds of F₁-plants (F₂-seeds) instead of F₂—plants. Models of backcross programmes are discussed taking advantage of the new analytical methods and the half seed technique.

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Vortrag gehalten anläßlich der gemeinsamen Tagung der Confoederatio internationalis ad qualitates plantarum edulium perquirendas (CIQ) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung e.V. (DGQ) vom 4. bis 7. Oktober 1972 in Berlin-West.     

Efficient application of in vitro anther culture for different European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programmes

The efficiency of our anther culture protocol was tested with high‐ and low‐responding genotypes, ‘Svilena’ and ‘Berengar’, and 93 F₁ winter wheat crosses in 2010 and 2011. Based on data for these genotypes, the effect of genotype influenced the number of embryo‐like structures, regenerated plantlets and green plantlets, while the number of albino plantlets was affected by genotype, year and environmental factors. Although genotype also influenced the production of green plantlets from breeding crosses, with green plantlets per 100 anthers ranging from 0.04 to 28.67, the average regeneration rate over all crosses was 5.3 green plantlets/100 anthers, which resulted in a total of 11 416 well‐rooted green plantlets. The survival rate of green plantlets following acclimatization was 97.21% in 2010 and 96.34% in 2011. In this study, the phenomenon of albinism and genotype dependency did not hinder the production of more than five thousand green plantlets each year. In our experiments, anther culture proved to be an efficient method in winter wheat breeding programmes with lower costs than alternative technologies.     

Cold-branding and fin-clipping for marking of salmonids

Identification of individual fish is important under many research circumstances and is essential in breeding and selection work. Results are presented from the marking system used at the Norwegian Research Station for Salmonids. Trained personnel and good light conditions are necessary to obtain a high percentage of correct identifications. The best result obtained was 99% identification 22–28 months after marking. It is estimated that 1.4% of the fish read were incorrectly identified. The frequency of misidentified fish was higher when different cold-branded symbols were included in the system, increasing to a mean of 8% for salmon and 15% for rainbow trout.Cold-branding using five different symbols at two of six different positions on the fish gives 600 permutations when used in conjuction with clipping of the adipose and right or left pelvic fins. A satisfactory degree of correct identification is possible for use in a programme of selection in salmonids.     

Effect of density on growth and survival of rainbow trout

Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were kept at five different densities during an initial feeding period of 42 days and a subsequent growth period of 180 days. They were then kept at the same density for 55 days. Differences between groups in mean weights and mortality were found as early as the end of the initial feeding period. At the end of the 180-days growth period the differences in mean weight between density groups were large. Differences in condition (K) factor were also found at the end of this period. Groups at high densities had the lowest growth rate and K factor. When groups were kept at the same density, those originally at high densities showed the highest relative growth. It is concluded that high densities depressed the growth rate, and that compensatory growth occurred when the densities were standardized. It is important to take density into account when ranking families or progeny groups for growth performance.     

Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diets. III. Growth and chemical composition of fish from different families fed four levels of carbohydrate in the diet

Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) from five different families and five inbred groups were fed four diets similar in protein and energy content but differing in the percentage of metabolizable energy present as carbohydrate. The percentage of metabolizable energy from carbohydrate was 15, 26, 37 and 49%, respectively.Significant differences between fish families were found for growth, condition factor, chemical composition of the fish, relative liver wight, liver colour, digestibility of energy and N-free extracts, dressing percentage amount of intestinal fat and flesh colour.Interaction between diet and family was significant for relative liver weight and liver colour. There was no interaction between diet and family for growth, indicating that the prospects for selectively breeding a strain of rainbow trout specifically better able to utilize carbohydrate are not promising.Growth rate and condition factor increased with decreasing carbohydrate level in diet. The fish fed high levels of carbohydrate had less dry matter, fat and ash in the body, and higher percentage carbohydrate in the liver. They also had higher relative liver weights and more discoloured livers.The fish fed high levels of carbohydrate had significantly better apparent digestibility of energy and protein.There were no significant differences in mortality rate between the groups, and veterinary examination did not reveal any pathological differences in the fish fed different feeding regimes.     

Selection experiments with salmon: III. Genetic and environmental sources of variation in length and weight of Atlantic salmon in the freshwater phase

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) brood stock were taken from 32 strains in Norway for 3 consecutive years. Each year, after fertilization, the offspring in each family from each strain were reared in separate egg trays and fingerling tanks. Individual weights and lengths were recorded on a sample of fish from each tank. Environmental and genetic factors influencing the growth rate were studied. The length and weight at a standardized age were significantly affected by hatching date and number of fish held in a tank. There was also a significant ‘tank effect’ which influenced the heritabilities estimated. Significant differences between strains were found for all three year-classes (P<0.01). The estimates of heritabilities found for different year-classes are very consistent. When ‘tank effect’ was removed the heritabilities estimated from the total material were 0.08 for weight and 0.12 for length calculated from the sire components of variance. Calculated from the dam components, the heritabilities were 0.15 for weight and 0.17 for length. The genetic correlation between length and weight estimated from the total material was 1.00. For the ‘trait’ condition factor there were no significant sire and dam components of variance when tank effect was removed.     

Effect of increased water recirculation rate on algal supply and post-larval performance of scallop (Pecten maximus) reared in a partial open and continuous feeding system

In a commercial scallop hatchery spat production depends on a culture system which ensures high survival and good growth. Reuse of water with algae may increase the food exploitation and hence reduce the costs. Post-larvae of great scallop (Pecten maximus) were studied in a commercial hatchery using a partial open and continuous feeding tank system. Three different water recirculation rates (67, 83 and 92%) were tried out in two experiments with post-larvae originating from three spawning groups of ages between 43 and 57 days post-spawn, 316–886 μm shell-height and 1.1–9.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The post-larvae were held in sieves in tanks of 2500 l where a downwelling flow was maintained by airlifts. New water with a mix of monocultured algae was continuously added to the tanks at algal concentrations of 10 and 15 cells μl⁻¹ in experiment 1 (groups 1 and 2) and 2 (group 3), respectively. The algal supply to each sieve was reduced along with increased recirculation rate, but was kept between 6 and 13 cells μl⁻¹. Generally no significant differences in survival, growth or chemical content were found between the three recirculation rates, while few differences were found between and within groups. Large variation in survival was found between and within groups (1–81%). Highest survival was found in experiment 1, and where post-larvae from two settlements were used, the first settlement survived better than the second. The daily growth ranged from 15 to 62 μm shell-height and from 0.3 to 2.6 μg ash-free dry weight. The scallop post-larvae could well be reared at all three recirculation rates studied as an increase from 67 to 92% did not seem to affect the post-larval performance seriously. The algal supply, however, had to be compensated by an increasing number of cells (>10 cells μl⁻¹) when increasing the recirculation rate.     

Use of mesocosms in larval rearing of saithe [Pollachius virens (L.)], goldsinny [Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.)], and corkwing [Crenilabrus melops (L.)]

Pilot experiments were carried out in mesocosms (5.3 m³ plastic bag enclosures) for larval rearing of the commercially important saithe [Pollachius virens (L.)], and two wrasse species, goldsinny [Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.)] and corkwing [Crenilabrus melops (L.)] which are both used as cleaner-fishes for control of sea-lice infestations in Atlantic salmon farming. Fertilized saithe eggs were collected from natural spawning in a simple and inexpensive tank system. Goldsinny and corkwing eggs were obtained by stripping mature individuals collected from the sea. Egg mortality during incubation was low in all species. Larvae were released in the rearing enclosures a few days after hatching and fed natural plankton (mainly copepod nauplii). Survival through metamorphosis was low for saithe (3%), which may be attributed to specific environmental requirements, in terms of water quality, in this species. Survival in the wrasse was good (20–40%), indicating that the use of mesocosms may have potential for mass-production of these species.     

省域尺度园、林、草地占用税征收标准研究

为完善农用地占用税税收体系并提供理论依据和成果基础,促进农用地资源、资产的管理和利用,以耕地占用税征收标准数据和全国统计数据为基础,测算出一套省域尺度的园、林、草地占用税征收等别和标准,从生产能力、稀缺性、经济发展水平和特殊性4个角度出发,构建园、林、草地占用税征收等别指标,用AHP法和Delphi法综合得到各指标权重,再用多目标线性加权函数法计算得出全国不同省、自治区和直辖市的园、林、草地占用税综合分值,然后根据既定规则确定园、林、草地占用税综合分数对应的征收等别(园地和草地占用税均为5个等别、林地占用税为10个等别),最后利用数值模拟法和修正系数法综合测算出不同征收等别对应的征收标准。建议各地区在执行时,根据实际情况,以测算税额为基础,乘以适当的系数(园地占用税可按其基础征收标准的1.50、2.00、2.50或3.00倍计征;林地占用税可按其基础征收标准的1.50、2.00或3.00倍计征;草地占用税可按其基础征收标准的1.25、1.50、1.75、2.00或3.00倍计征)。通过测算的园、林、草地占用税征收标准与现行税额对比,表明园、林、草地占用税征收标准的测算结果符合实际要求。